The first portable computer that is commercially marketed Osborne 1, developed in 1981. This computer is the first computer that can be taken anywhere even when using it we need to link it with the power house. With a thin CRT screen size of 5 “and weighs 23.5 pounds (12 kg), these computers using CP / M operating system and comes with a 4 MHz Z80 CPU, main memory 65 kilobytes, and floppy disk drives.

In 1983 Compaq released its first product that is also quite successful, the Compaq Portable. This product is an IBM clone computers, because at that time IBM was the standard program for all computers. The computer is more easy to carry when compared with the Osborne 1 because it is lighter. Same operating system used by Osborne 1, which is CP / M operating system. In addition, this computer also runs MS-DOS program.

Other computers are also issued this year was the Epson HX-20. This product really started to be developed in 1981, but the new launch held in 1983. Computers that fall into this category of handheld computers using a full keyboard with 68 keys, batteries nickel cadmium (NiCd) that can be recharged, dot-matrix LCD screen with a resolution of 120 x 32 pixels. This screen can display 4 lines with each line containing 20 characters. In addition, there are MS-BASIC and RAM for 16 kibibyte which can be enlarged to 32 kibibyte.

The existence of a laptop that can be debated starting with the launch of the GRiD Compass 1101, in April 1982. This computer was designed by Bill Moggridge of the British Industrial in 1979. The materials used to make a magnesium shell modeled (Clamshell). With this model of computer can be closed with the screen position is above and to deal with the keyboard.

This laptop uses an Intel 8086, electroluminescent display (CGA) with a resolution of 320 x 200 pixels, and 384 kilobytes of bubble memory. It also uses a modem with a speed of 1200 bits per second. Hardrive and floppy disks are connected by using 488 I / O (known as the Instrumental GPIB = General Purpose Bus). The operating system used is GRID-OS.

Issued by the GRID Computer Systems Corp.. This, during the 1980′s used by NASA and the U.S. army. In 1988 GRIDD Systems Corp.. taken over by Tandy Corporation (RadioShack).

In 1983 the newly issued new computers sold in 1984, the Sharp PC-500 and the Gavilan SC. Gavilan is the first portable computer that uses the name ‘laptops’. Both computers are using the same model with GRiD Compass, which is a clamshell model. Both had LCD displays, and can be connected to optional external printers.

In 1983 also launched a computer that can do the most sales for the first time in the history of the laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic 85. This laptop was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation., Olivetti, and NEC. They saw its great potential for success as well as the TRS-80 Model 100 (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M-10, NEC PC-8201.

This machine is operated with standard AA batteries. Tandy’s built with a BASIC program, text editor, and a terminal program, provided by Microsoft and written in part by Bill Gates. Also applied also tiltable LCD screen with 8 x 40 characters and internal modem.

In terms of ease in him, battery life and long service, and the price is cheap, the computer is becoming a favorite among journalists. It weighed more than 2 kg, with dimensions of 30 × 21.5 x 4.5 cm (12 “x 8.5″ x 1.75 “). In addition, the laptop is used by 8 KiB RAM that can be raised to 24 KiB, and a 3 MHz processor.

On 3 April 1986 IBM launched the first laptop with a commercial purpose, namely the IBM PC Convertible. This laptop is equipped with a 3.5 “floppy disk drive that is standard equipment. The processor used is Intel 80c88, which is a CMOS version of Intel 8088, which operates at 4.77 MHz. Inside there are also 256 KiB of RAM that can be enlarged to 512 KiB. With LCD screen and weighs 13 pounds, this computer is equipped with a handle that makes it easier to carry. This laptop uses the battery as a source of strength.

Paa 1987, Toshiba launched two products at once, the T1000 and T1200. Although limited to only using the DOS operating system stored in ROM, two models from Toshiba has a very small and lightweight so that the load to carry in a backpack. It also uses lead-acid batteries.

In 1987 the U.S. Air Force offered a contract to make laptops in large numbers, reaching 200,000 units. Competition to compete for this contract took place between the laptop industry is huge, like IBM, Toshiba, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith Data Systems (ZDS).

ZDS which had earlier won an agreement with the IRS for its Z-171, was awarded the contract for its SupersPort. SupersPort is equipped with Intel 8086 processor, dual floppy disk drive, a backlit, the screen is blue and white STN LCD, and NiCD battery pack. For the next processor used is an Intel 80286 processor with 20 MB hard drive. This makes ZDS became the largest supplier of laptops during the period 1987 to 1988.

To fulfill this contract, ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo’s conduct to provide them. This is the first collaboration between a famous brand with the OEM (Original Equipment Manufacture) from Asia. Furthermore, many well-known computer manufacturers that cooperated with the Asian OEMs, like Compaq and Citizen. This also resulted in the growing OEM in Asia, such as Chicon, Acer, Quanta, Compal, Twinhead, Sanyo, Tottori Sanyo, Citizen, and Casio.

In 1988 was launched by Cambridge Cambridge Z88 Computer. This computer was designed by Sir Clive Sinclair, with the form of A4 paper. This computer is using power from batteries and comes standard with a basic spreadsheet, word processor, and communications programs. This laptop is the embryo-making PDAs.

In 1989 two different companies, NEC and Apple Computer, launched a laptop each, namely NEC and Apple Machintosh Ultralit Portable. Nec Ultralit launched in mid 1989. This laptop is probably the first notebook manufactured by NEC. This laptop has a weight not less than 2 kg. In this computer in it had been there the hard drive and RAM is 2 mebibyte.

Portable Machintosh launched by Apple Computer has a clear active matrix display and a battery that can last a long time. Unfortunately with these conditions, sales of the Mac Portable quite ugly. This is due to the shape of the Mac Portable is less attractive.

Series laptop on the Apple Computer, Apple Power Books, was launched in 1991. This laptop is the de facto standard that continues to survive until now. This can be seen on the placement of the keyboard, the availability of the palm rest, and trackball. Books Power Series for the first time then use the display to 256 colors (Power Books 165c output in 1993), touchpad, and voice recorder, 16-bit. There are also Ethernet Network Adapter (Power Books 500 series output in 1994).

Spring of 1995 represents a significant turning point in the history of notebook computers. In August 1995, Miocrosoft introduced Windows 95. This is the first time Microsoft have full control on the management of the operating system (operating system). Windows 95 is suitable for application at the Intel Pentium and in accordance with the existing ROM on notebooks.

And finally now, the laptop has a very light weight and easy to carry anywhere.

Alienware M11x is sized 11-inch portable laptop that can perform the same function as a laptop-sized 15-inch laptop. Happily, this time Dell laptop has price below U.S. $ 1,000 or approximately USD 9 million.

M11X powered by Core 2 Duo processor and is equipped with NVIDIA graphics processors GT335M so users will be able to enjoy the visual quality of a good game, through a screen resolution of 1366 x. 768, 720 pixels.

However, if simply want to check electronic mail, this laptop provides a switch that allows users to switch to the internal graphics. This is so the laptop was not too wasteful of energy. With the internal graphics mode, the laptop battery can last up to 6.5 hours.

This feature can also be found on the MacBook Pro. However, the MacBook Pro, to be able switch to internal graphics GPU , the notebook must be restarted first. While with the M11x is able to move around without the need to restart the graphics.

This tiny laptop also has a futuristic design, with a distinctive symbol of the Alien head on the front cover. When the laptop was opened, and the power button is turned on, all over key board keys, touchpad, and the hole will turn the cooling fan.

He is also equipped with a pair of speakers that can sound loud. Also this laptop also provides VGA port, HDMI output, and USB connections, Ethernet, memory card and an ExpressCard slot.

However, this laptop is not yet available in Indonesia. Today, Dell Indonesia instead launched two other Alienware gaming laptops that are larger in size, ie Alienware Alienware M17x and M15x.

Both these laptops have a body similar to the M11x. Only, M15x is a size 15 inch and 17 inch sizes M17. Both have lined casing with anodized aluminum, with typical curves Alienware laptop.

Like the M11x, both are also equipped with the illuminated keyboard. But not just rely on a futuristic design, Dell provides a high specification on both these laptops.

“Through the Alienware brand, Dell is committed to offering gamers the PC gaming experience with the latest technology and attractive design.” Said Michael Tatelman, vice president of Sales and Marketing for Dell’s Consumer Business, in his press statement.

Alienware M15x diotaki 920XM Intel Core i7 processor speed of 2 GHz, memory up to 8GB of DDR3 RAM (1333MHz), with NVIDIA GeForce GTX graphics processor 1GB 260M1. The storage capacity of its hard drives for 500GB, or could also use a 256GB Solid State Drive storage.

The Alienware Alienware M17x powered by Intel Core 2 Extreme Quad Core that can be overclocked, memory 8GB DDR3 RAM (1333MHz), and NVIDIA GeForce graphics processors 280m GTX Dual SLI 1GB who have adopted the technology. Storage hard disk drive for 1TB (7200 RPM) or can also choose Storage Capacity Solid State Storage (Raid 1) amounted to 512 GB.

Unfortunately, not as ‘brother’ M11x, which is priced under U.S. $ 1,000, the second was also has premium laptops at a price not kidding. Alienware M17x Alienware sold starting at U.S. $ 3,299 (about 30 million) and the Alienware M15x from U.S. $ 2,299 (about 20 million)

Area sensor recording-1Ds Canon EOS Mark III, is 36 x 24mm, equivalent to a 35mm film frame size. despite having a high pixel resolution, but CMOS sensor technology can reduce noise and expand the range of 50 to 3200 ISO. When most digital cameras use a converter 12-bit A / D (analog-to-digital), the Canon EOS-1Ds Mark III is using the superior 14-bit converter for each channel to process the output from imaging sensors. In each color channel, this means there are 16 384 distinct brightness steps from the darkest to light tone (more than 4096 previously). This ensures smooth transition of tones and more natural gradations.

Other features in the hardware camera Canon EOS-1Ds Mark III Picture Style, users can create their favorite film characteristics, ranging from color adjustment, saturation, sharpness, and contrast settings variations. Picture Style can be applied in the JPEG files, or RAW image which Picture Style settings can be modified or changed from the computer, without affecting the original file. While Live View function is used for tripod shooting, macro work, shooting with Canon’s Tilt-Shift lens, and other situations that can be displayed on TV monitors. Interesting features, including system also remarkable endurance is tested at 300.000 cycles, anti-dust and waterproof by using the EOS Integrated Cleaning System.

Other facilities in camera Canon EOS-1Ds Mark III includes a PC socket on the flash unit, an external sensor to measure the non-TTL auto fash. With the camera EOS 1Ds Mark III, this user is able to set the flash directly from camera menu. Canon EOS-1Ds Mark III also has the Wireless File Transmitter (WFT-E2A), which is more compact and provide many functions, because the tool is elegantly integrated in the camera body, strong, and resistant to bad weather. Camera Canon EOS-1Ds Mark III, this can even be switched away from the computer. For the connection between camera and computer can be done via USB cable or the WFT-E2A, via LAN or Ethernet connection.

The technical specifications of digital cameras Canon EOS-1Ds Mark III:
· Full-frame CMOS sensor 1.21 megapixels
· 3-inch LCD display with Live View and seven brightness settings
· Shutter 5fps at a speed of 1 / 500 sec
· Features: sRAW mode; 35-zone metering system; 45-point AF; integrated Self-Cleaning Sensor
· Power: LP-E4 lithium-ion
· Storage: CF memory cards, SD, or SDHC cards· Auto and manual focus Dimensions (W x H x D) – 6.1 x 6.3 x 3.1 x 159.6 x 79.9mm in./156

In this phase, we plan what we will create, quite simply, we want to make robots that like? Useful for what? Things that need to be determined in this stage:

* The dimensions, ie length, width, height, and approximate weight of the robot. High-sized robot KRI sektar 1m, while the high-robot KRCI approximately 25 cm.
* The structure of the material, whether from aluminum, iron, wood, plastic, and so forth.
* How it works, containing sections of the robot and the functions of the parts. For example the arms, conveyors, elevators, power supply.
* Robot censors what to wear.
* The mechanism, how the mechanical system so that the robot can complete the task.
* Method of controlling, ie, how a robot can be controlled and driven, microprocessor which used, and the block diagram of the system.
* The strategy to win the game, if there is a robot that will be included race / contest robot International.

2. Creation, covering the manufacture of mechanical, electronic, and programs.

There are three job should be done in this phase, namely the manufacture of mechanical, electronic, and programming. Each requires people with different specializations, namely:

* Specialist Mechanical, which suited the fields of science and engineering and mechanical engineering industries.
* Specialist Electronics, is suitable science in electrical engineering.
* Programming Specialist the field of science that is suitable informatics techniques.

So in a robot team, there must be persons who have certain abilities that complement each other. This is necessary in creating a Indonesian Robot Contest (KRI) or Indonesian Intelligent Robot Contest (KRCI). Field of science that I mentioned earlier, student department or study program, for example, allowed students majoring in mechanical engineering course in programming.

To follow the race KRI / KRCI needed a solid team. But for you who are interested in making robots as a hobby or want to learn, all can be done by yourself, because you are not bound by time or deadlines. So you could do with more relaxed.

Mechanical Creation

After an outline description of the robot is designed, then the framework can begin to be made. General framework of the KRI robot is made of aluminum or aluminum box elbow. One segment is connected to one another with aluminum rivets. Keling is a kind of useful aluminum nails to attach the sheet metal tightly. Order robot KRCI more varied, can be made from plastic or metal, such as grating length.

Making electronic systems

Parts of electronic systems designed in accordance with the desired function. For example to drive the DC motor is required h-brigde, while necessary to move relay switch transistor. Sensors that will be used to learn and understand how it works, for example:

1. Proximity sensor, can use the SRF04, GP2D12, or assemble their own modules, ultrasonic or infrared sensors.
2. Direction sensor, could use a compass sensor CMPS03 or Dinsmore.
3. Temperature sensor, can use the LM35 or other sensors.
4. Flame sensor / heat, can use Uvtron or Thermopile.
5. Censors line follower / line detector, can use the LED and photo transistors.

Making Software / Programs

Making software is done after the tool is ready to be tested. This embedded software (downloaded) on the micro controller so that the robot can function as expected.

Phase of this program include:

1. Algorithm Design or flow program
For simple functions, the algorithm can be made directly at the time of writing programs. For complex functions, the algorithm was developed by using flow charts.
2. Writing Program
Writing programs in C language, Assembly, Basic, or language is most fluent.
3. Compile and download, which is to transfer the program that we wrote to the robot.

3. Trials.

After we downloaded the program to the microcontroller (robot brain) means we are ready to do the last step in making robots, ie testing. To KRCI, trials conducted in the arena area of approximately 4 × 4 meters long and shaped like a puzzle. In this arena KRCI placed candles should be extinguished by a fire extinguisher intelligent robots. Sample images of fire extinguisher robot arena Ted Larsorn and Intelligent Indonesian Robot Contest (KRCI).

For the robot contest KRI, needed a larger space, which is about 15 × 15 meters. In the Indonesian Robot Contest (KRI) in 2008, each robot must reach the target (ball / cube) which was placed on high ground, so a robot should be able to rise above the other robot to reach target